پژوهش نامه نظم و امنیت انتظامی
سال دوازدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 46، تابستان 1398)

Nowadays, paying attention to the concept of citizen security and its promotion methods has become one of the basic priorities of professionals. In police organization proper urban planning will prevent crime it will also, boost quality of life and increase satisfaction and improve social welfare of the community. In this research, in this paper, considering the importance of the security issue and the aspects of fear of crime, the theory of Prospect/Refuge is used as the interface between the characteristics of the outdoor environment and the fear of crime. This method can bring  the perception of security by individuals in different levels. The aim of this paper is to investigate factors affecting sense of fear in urban space, with emphasis on the components: Prospect, Refuge, and Escape.

The method of data collection that was used in this paper was library studies, Field observation, and using camera tools and questionnaires. The method of analysis is based on multi variables regression test and semantic differentiation technique and SPSS software. The research sample includes 460 residents of Mashhad residents complex whom were selected by random..

Findings suggest that lack of Prospect for criminals, Refuge and Escape spots for victims have caused fear for people and reduced security. There is also a sense of security in relation to physical factors such as lighting, vegetated cover, lack of sitting and resting places, adequate visibility for people and lack of access to escape way for victims.

The results of research show that the reasons for emptiness insecurity feeling from physical-behavioral factors are as follows: day and night silences, lack of sitting and resting places, lack of adequate lighting, Long vegetated cover and blind spots to hide and conceal criminals, lack of police surveillance and access to escape way for criminals.

Police need citizen participation to increase their sense of public safety, and citizens' participation is affected by their attitude towards the police.The citizen's attitude to the police is broaderthan the satisfaction of the police.The most important necessities of this research are: 1) Lack of research on citizens' attitudes towards the police in community-oriented and threat-based distribution 2) Further emphasis on earlier studies on citizens' attitudes as dependent variables 3) The focus of research in the center of the country and the relative lack of research in Kurdistan province.

The statistical population of the research is residents of Kurdistan province. Using cluster sampling, two cities of Ghorveh and Marivan were selected for study.The research method is quantitative with survey technique and questionnaire data collection tool. The analysis unit for this survey is household. The data collection unit is over 18 years old. The research sample size is 460 households.

Citizens' attitude towards the police is in the midst of community-oriented and threat-based distribution. As citizens attitude move towards community-oriented distribution, the sense of public security increases and by moving it towards a threat-based distribution, the level of public security is reduced. Based on regression analysis, the variables of people's assessment of police effectiveness, respect of ethical values and information, and creating awareness by the police have a significant predictive power.

Extensive efforts of police in Kurdistan province are working to strengthen their position among people in order to promote public security in the long term.Accordingly; it should not be expected to be realized within a short period of time.

Features Cyber ​​space has been provided with anonymity due to its marvelous capabilities and, the ease of committing crime, the transgression of crimes, reduction of the age of the perpetrators, the extent of the damage and the plight of the victim. The barriers to cybercrime prevention will be effective in using effective strategies to control these capabilities. Therefore, the main objective of the present study is to identify the most important obstacles to the realization of cybercrime prevention.

The present study was conducted from a methodological point of view, with a qualitative approach. The interviewed research participants include all experts in the field of crime prevention in the judiciary and other organizations. Sampling was done purposefully and continued until theoretical saturation. The data was analyzed using "thematic analysis" method. In order to ensure the validity of research data, the views of professors of the scholars in the field of research were used, while the text of the interviews along with the codes was available to a number of experts, and after confirmation, the analysis of the interviews continued.

According to research findings, the main obstacles to the realization of cyber crime prevention are seven main areas of social barriers, structural barriers, educational barriers, cultural barriers, administrative barriers, judicial barriers and technical barriers. Based on the number of obstacles encountered in each area, barriers in the area of ​​management include 27 obstacles, legal and judicial barriers including 19 barriers, cultural barriers including 18 obstacles, technical obstacles including 13 barriers, structural barriers including 9 obstacles, scientific obstacles Training including 3 obstacles and social barriers also includes 3 obstacles. Conclution: According to the research findings, to prevent cyber crime, two levels can be used to remove barriers: First, through strategic and long-term measures through planning, policy-making and decision-making at the macro level of the country should reduce crimes of this area . The second, through direct or indirect action, systematically regulates early-action measures to prevent the spread of crime in cyberspace.

According to IR of Iran constitutions (principle 110) the Supreme Leader of the country can determine the general policies of the system, and it is one of his responsibility in the sovereignty. the model of Islamic-Iranian progress has been the most important documents in the policies of the system strategically, therefore it would be recognized as an aspect of order and security in the field of achieving of progress. The main objective of this study is to identify the dimensions and components of order and security in accordance with policy making model for the Islamic-Iranian progress in the thought of the Supreme Leader of the IR of Iran.

This is a descriptive-exploratory study which Using the method of grounded theory so as to develop a pattern of order and security in the Islamic-Iranian policy-making model based on the thoughts of the supreme leader, so his lectures, policies, sentences and messages have been studied from the middle of June, 1989 till the end of May, 2018.

The findings show that the main core of the system of order and security in the Islamic-Iranian model of progress is "the progress of order and security." The four dimensions of "field", "features and characteristics", "barriers and treats" and "outcomes and achievements" have been compartmentalized to 239 key concepts, and 46 categories. These categories include; (Security in various fields, Public Security, Ethical Security, Psychological Security, Individual Security, Economic Security, Judicial Security, National Security, Political Security, Cultural Security, Social Discipline), (Reforming lifestyle, insight, national conscience and national dignity, Quranic culture, religious democracy, jihadist spirit and revolutionary culture, political stability, legalism, counter measures for enemy's soft war, fighting against discipline and security disrupters and law offenders, strengthen of security organizations, authority, morale and participation of people for supporting the country, national unity, social discipline, providing the means of order and security, treating disagreement and insecurity scientifically), (Injustice and unsuitable behavior in implementing of order and security, insecurity in society, lack of political stability, the distortion of religious values, media controversy, weakening the state security institutions, despair and hopeless, lack of unity and empathy), (Establishing the achievement of Islamic-Iranian progress means in order to present the glory of material and spiritual development of mankind for realizing the life of Tayyib, observance of human rights, development of charity in society, increase of community efficiency and optimal use of opportunities, sense of security, relaxation, comfort and general vitality in society, creation The platform for the realization of justice in society, public welfare and economic prosperity, the repulse and danger of enemies).

The results indicate that "the progress of order and security" moreover should have four main conditions as follow:"maintaining the organization of security apparatus", "the morale of the people", " providing the means of order and security " and " authority" Otherwise, progress of order and security will not be achieved.

Concerning the role of young people in national development and culture of any society, the negative effects of mobile social networks will lead to their failure in achievement of the objectives of society. Therefore, awareness of these networks and effective use of them could preperly help them in their roles. The present study intends to identify the crimes and perception of youth of Birjand city who have committed crimes in social networks.

The population of study includes 29 young people of Birjand city who have committed crimes in mobile social networks using targeted sampling and semi-structured interview. Data was analyzed in three stages of open coding, axial and selective coding which yielded 102 open codes. Then axial coding was done and effort was taken to associate open codes. In this stage, the codes of the nature of crime, type of crime, the factors leading to crime, prohibitory factors, consequences and solutions were identified.

The findings of coding indicate that highest emphasis was on committing some crimes such as publishing prohibited photos, relation with opposite sex or breaking privacy. The interviewers believed that the crime factors initiate from environmental and social factors and end in individual factors.Concerning solutions and strategies, the individual "himself" has the highest importance and then the solutions related to society and associated organizations are at the next rank in terms of importance.

The crimes of mobile social networks were identified in four main categories of "belief", "involving factors", "consequences" and "solutions". In sum, it is possible to consider these factors on a spectrum where "family and educational factors" and "governance" have some tasks and duties. The "solutions" presented by the respondents indicate that the key axis is the individual "himself", personal awareness and capabilities.

The incidence of citizenship and anti-citizenship behavior of the client in military service organization is influenced by several factors. One of these influential factors is the type of client perception of justice in all activities of the military service system. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of perceived justice on the emotions and behaviors of the client's citizenship in Tehran military Service System.

This study is applied in terms of purpose, measurable in terms of research method, and causal in terms of nature. The statistical population of this study was all clients of the military service system. In the present study, cluster sampling was performed and finally 385 questionnaires were collected and the data was analyzed using structural equation modeling and Smart PLS 3 software.

Data analysis indicated that all dimensions of perceived justice (procedural, distributive, communicative, and informational) had a positive significant effect on positive emotions and it had negative meaningful on negative emotions. Also positive emotions have a significant positive effect on client citizenship behavior and increase with decreasing negative emotions of client citizenship behavior.

Based on the findings of the study, it can be concluded that despite positive impacts (information justice, distributive justice, procedural justice, interpersonal justice on client emotions), the authorities are expected to increase client information in the field of services.

Public security such as citizen security in a network of individual interactions, governments,society and its in direct relation with the mission of police organization (Eftekhari, 2006: 35). The basic mission of the police is in relation to public order and security, public security includes the security of all individuals. Who live in a country on a specific geographical basis (Help and Fellow, 1392: 137). Therefore, this research has been carried out with the aim of investigating the impact of internal organizational challenges of law enforcement management on public safety of tourists in 1396.

The research method was descriptive survey and the statistical population of the study was all 150 commanders and law enforcement personnel in Babolsar city who were selected by full scale. The method of collecting information and tools was a researcher made questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by the experts and its reliability was obtained by Cronbach's alpha coefficient (786/0). For data analysis, statistical analysis of linear regression coefficient was used.

It was shown that the internal organizational challenges of law enforcement management include human factors, lack of physical equipment and underlying factors with regard to the significant level (0.000 sig =), which is less than 0.05, and the coefficient of determination has been obtained, which are respectively 261/0, 259/0 and 207/0, indicates that internal challenges inpolice management has a significant impact on the internal policymaking of the public security of tourists.

Due to the fact that the main hypothesis of the research is the effect of the internal factors of the police organization on tourism industry, the law enforcement can plan and improve the studied indicators in three dimensions as follous: individual factors, physical factors and field factors.

Criminal statistics indicate an increase in the number of crimes and murders caused by errors in targeting or mistakes in the identity of the victim over the years. In response to the intentional or unintentional nature of the crime in such cases, the security intention of the transitional intention with the hypothesis of portability The criminal intention of transforming from the target to the unwanted purpose transforms the mental and mental structure of the element of criminal misconduct and forms the development of the criminal jurisdiction domain with a maximum focus on the material harmful results, as well as the perceived mental attitude of the offender to the occurrence of specific results. Considering the above, this article aims to capture the fundamentals and principles governing this doctrine with evolution The legal and judicial system of Iran has been written.

The present research is based on the use of library methods and resources. The presentations are presented in an analytical and descriptive manner.

The findings of this research indicate that there are different and diffuse legislative and judicial approaches to dealing with the theory of transient misconduct. Contrary to this doctrine, it believes that the structure of criminal intent, the ability to move and transfer from purpose to unwanted purpose, and deliberate pretense of non-punishment is only based on a legal assumption. From the point of view of the justification of punishment, it seems that the imposition of punishment in such an assumption does not conform to the principles governing punishment and fair trial standards.

The results show that the main challenge of the Transitional Thought Doctrine is to determine precisely the scope and extent of the implementation of its rules. There is no single approach in this regard in any of the criminal systems. The current Iranian legislative process, with the adoption of objective-based defenses, To some extent, the distant approach to the transitional intention is far removed, and in the assumption of an identity error with defenses based on this kind of error, the position of the doctrine is mentioned.

Changes in social structure and order lead to the formation of subcultures, different and abnormal behaviors in large cities. Therefore, the main issue of the research is which of the indicators of structure and social order in Qom city have been changed due to migration and are in good condition at the present?

This study using a field survey and data were collected using a questionnaire. Using Cochran sampling formula, 384 individuals were selected in multi-stage clusters. In this study, the validity and reliability of the measurement scale were assessed and confirmed.

In order to construct a research questionnaire after studying upstream documents and interviewing experts using the theoretical foundations of Iranian and foreign  research, criteria and indicators needed to measure each of the components of restructuring and social order Migration were extracted. The findings of confirmatory factor analysis showed that the researcher-made questionnaire had six components with Chi-square to freedom ratio of 2.81 and RMSEA of 0.07, indicating that the model fits well. Also, the average opinion of experts on each component shows that social trust as 2.82, social participation as 2.98, social security as 3.07, social cohesion as 3.16, social adjustment as 3.16 and feeling Social affiliation is 3.56

The results of this study showed that 15 out of 37 indexes were in good condition and other indicators of restructuring and social order resulting from migration are in poor condition which can change social structure if this change continues in Qom city.